While duality denotes pairs of opposites, like black and white, there are many shades of grey between these extremes, as a spectrum of values. The Circle of Duality represents these relationships.

First, a line is drawn between the extremes to denote intermediate values, which are opposite to the extremes. These can then be unified to form the Circle of Duality.

In terms of truth values, the Circle of Duality thus includes ‘maybes’, which are excluded in Aristotle’s Law of Excluded Middle, which asserts that propositions are either true or false.

I learned about the Circle of Duality in high school in the late 1950s in a lesson on general studies. A Christian priest, who was a Liberal politically, presented what was then known as liberalism, as the opposite of communism and fascism. Socialism and conservatism then formed the intermediate systems between authoritarianism and liberalism, on the left and right, respectively.

Of course, this simple model is no longer applicable is today’s chaotic world, as fourteen billion years of evolution passed through its Accumulation Point in 2004, give or take a couple of years.